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Comparative characteristics of situation with ensuring rights of persons belonging to the Hungarian minority in Ukraine and the Ukrainian minority in Hungary
Hungarian national minority in Ukraine |
Ukrainian national minority in Hungary |
(Official statistics) |
(Official statistics) |
General information.
According to data of the 2001 Ukraine census there are 156,6 thousand ethnic Hungarians constituting 0.3% of the total population of the country.
The Hungarian minority lives compactly, the largest part: 151.5 thousand (12,1%) live in Transcarpathian region, in particular, 8 thousand persons (6.9%) live in Uzhgorod, 12,8 thousand persons (48,1%) - in Beregove, 7 thousand persons (8,5% ) - in Mukacheve, 1.7 thousand persons (5,4%) - in Khust, 41.2 thousand persons (76.1%) - in Beregove district, 30.9 thousand persons (26.2%) - in Vinogradove district, 1 thousand persons (0,1%) - in Irshava district, 12,9 thousand persons (12.7%) - in Mukacheve district, 2.9 thousand persons (3,2%) - in Rakhiv district, 400 persons (0.7%) - Svalyava district, 5 thousand persons(2,9%) - in Tyachiv district.
95.4% Hungarians consider Hungarian their native language, Ukrainian is native for 3,4% of Hungarians, Russian is native for 1 % of them. |
General information.
According to the last Hungarian census of 2001 6.168 ethnic Ukrainians live in Hungary.
Main places of compact inhabitance of Ukrainians in Hungary is Budapest (1.425 Ukrainians and 430 Ruthenians), Miskolc (30), Szeged (50), Vac (25), Nyiregyhaza (100), in the Miskolc district live 100 Ruthenians.
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Functioning of Hungarian cultural and public organizations and mass media
Public organizations of Hungarians of Ukraine play an important role in the development of national and cultural life of national minorities. As for today, there are 19 cultural Hungarian societies registered in Ukraine
To satisfy the information needs of the Hungarian national minority in the Transcarpathia 13 periodicals are issued in Hungarian. 19 editions are published in mixed languages; 6 regional newspapers are duplicated in Hungarian.
There is Hungarian editorial board on Transcarpathian Region State TV and Radio Company. From November. 2005 on the premises of this TV radio Company a new channel «Tisa-1» began broadcasting in Hungarian.
Radio programmes broadcasted in Hungarian are as follows «Informative cocktail». «Man and time». «Priorities». «In the Middle of Week», «Kaleidoscope of Week» and «Source».
In addition, there is a monthly exchange of 30-minute radio programme between Transcarpathian Radio Company and Niredgazke Radio (Hungary).
On regional television there is a daily programme «News» and weekly «Horizon» issued in the Hungarian language. Annual charges on preparation and broadcasting in ether of the programme in Hungarian make up over 500 thousand UAH.
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Functioning of Ukrainian cultural and public organizations and Mass media.
According to the Hungarian legislation there are 3 public organizations of ethnic Ukrainians in Hungary: the Union of Ukrainian culture of Hungary, Union of Ruthenians of Hungary, Union of Ukrainian “intelligencia” and a few linguistic Ukrainian and Ruthenian scientific societies.
There is one newspaper “Gromada” edited in Ukrainian and Hungarian once in 2 months, one weekly 30 min. Ukrainian programme in the National radio and one monthly 12 min. Ukrainian TV programme.
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Political, social cultural, rights of Hungarians in Ukraine.
Ukrainian Constitution guarantees full spectrum of political and social rights and freedom for development of national culture to national minorities.
Among the deputies of the Transcarpathian region (oblast) city, district and village councils 146 are Hungarian (12, 8%)
The Union of the boundary bodies of self-government of Transcarpathia. which includes 54 village councils of compact residence of Hungarians, operates in this area.
The Democratic Union of Hungarians of Ukraine has got the national status. Its leader Gaydosh Ishtvan Ferentsouich holds a position of the head of Beregove town council and he is a member of the Ukrainian side of the intergovernmental Ukrainian-Hungarian Commission on ensuring rights for national minorities, member of the Council of Representatives of Ukrainian Public Organizations of National Minorities at the State Committee of Ukraine on Nationalities and Religions.
The important index of the level of integration of Hungarians into the Ukrainian society is the exercise of their rights on participation in activities of legislative and executive bodies, local self-government, and satisfaction of their spiritual, cultural and educational, communication needs.
The representatives of the Hungarian national minority participate in activities of bodies of executive power and state administration. Hence, among 107 deputies of the Transcarpathian region (oblast) city, district, and village councils 134 (12. 1 %) are Hungarians.
In particular among 85 deputies of Regional Council - 9 are Hungarians, in Uzhgorod Town Council out of 41 deputies - 2 are Hungarians, in Beregove from 30 deputies - 10 are Hungarians.
Among the deputies of district councils, in particular in Beregove district out of 90 deputies 68 are Hungarians. Vinogradove - from 90 deputies - 19 are Hungarians, Uzhgorod -from 62 deputies -18 are Hungarians. Mukacheve - from 78 deputies - 6 are Hungarians.
Coordinating Council of the Centre of cultures of national minorities of Transcarpathia has been established in Uzhgorod. It consists of the regional leaders of national and cultural associations of the area.
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Political, social, cultural rights of Ukrainians in Hungary.
An Institution of local government of Ukrainians in Hungary and an Institution of local government of Rutenians in Hungary have existed since 1999. They are elected by corresponding national minorities once in 4 years.
The local governments of Ukrainians in Hungary exist also in Budapest, Miskolc, Szeged, Vac, Nyiregyhaza.
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Situation with rights of ethnic Hungarians for education in native language:
· Hungarian language kindergartens - 70;
· Hungarian language schools - 66;
· Establishments with the Ukrainian and Hungarian language of teaching - 27
5 private lyceums. Hungarian as a subject is studied by 994 students and as an optional by 521 students.
In 4 higher educational establishments there are departments and groups with the Hungarian language of tuition (Uzhgorod National University. Mukacheve Humanitarian Teacher training college, Uzhgorod School of Culture, and Beregove Medical School). Transcarpathian Hungarian Language Teacher training college operates in Beregove where about 1000 students. Centre of Hungarology operates at Uzhgorod National University. At 4 departments of this university - philological, mathematical, physical and medical – students who finished schools with the Hungarian language of tuition study. From 2005 the faculty of history of Hungary and European integration operates at the historical department of Uzhgorod National University.
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Situation with rights of ethnic Ukrainians for education in native language:
· Ukrainian language kindergartens - 0;
· Ukrainian language schools - 0;
In Budapest, Miskolc, Szeged exist Sunday Ukrainian schools financed by Hungarian government (total 3.000 USD per year)
In the University of Budapest a chair of the Ukrainian language exists.
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Cultural rights
The ramified network of establishments of culture functions in the settlements of compact residence of Hungarians. In particular, there are 91 libraries with 408, 3 thousand printed copies in Hungarian. 76 clubs and 1 professional Dyula Ilyes Hungarian dramatic theatre function in Beregove.
In addition. Days of the Hungarian culture and the festival of the Hungarian folk art are annually conducted in the Transcarpathian area, over 50 monuments and memorable signs to the Hungarian political and cultural figures have been erected. The Hungarian division of Union of writers of Ukraine functions there too.
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Cultural rights.
There are one Ukrainian chorus “Beregiynya”,
one dancing group “Veselka” and one Ukrainian theatre and several local folkloric groups in Hungary.
There is also one Ukrainian Markyan Shashkevych library with 10.000 printed copies. |
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Comparative characteristics of situation with ensuring rights of persons belonging to the Polish minority in Ukraine and the Ukrainian minority in Poland
Polish national minority in Ukraine |
Ukrainian national minority in Poland |
(Official statistics) |
(Official statistics) |
General information.
According to data of the Ukrainian census of 2001 144.100 Poles live in Ukraine. It constitutes 0.3 per cent of the total population of the country.
The majority of them live in such regions as Zhytomyr - 49 thousand, Khmelnytsky – 23.000, Lviv - 18.900, Ternopil - 3.800, Vinnytsya - 3.700, Chernivtsi -5.300, Kyiv - 2.800, Rivne -2.000. 3.800 of Poles live in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and 6.9 thousand in the city of Kyiv.
12.9 per cent of Poles speak the native language. 71 per cent speak Ukrainian, 15.6 per cent speak Russian.
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General information.
According to the last census of 2002 42.486 ethnic Ukrainians live in Poland.
Ukrainian national minority lives mostly in northern, western and southern regions of the Polish Republic and also in Warsaw, Krakow, Gdansk, Wroclaw and Szczecin. The majority of Ukrainians live in:
Warmian-mazurian region – 12.000,
Lower Silezian region – 3.500,
West Pomeranian region – 3.000,
Subcarpathian region – 2.500 Ukrainians.
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Functioning of Polish cultural and public organizations and mass media
There are almost 120 Polish non-governmental organizations in Ukraine. The Society of Poles of Ukraine and the Federation of Polish Organizations of Ukraine have the all-Ukrainian status.
The majority of Polish societies function in Khmelnytsky, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Zhytomyr regions and in Kyiv.
Informational needs of Polish ethnic community are satisfied by such newspapers as «Dzennyk Kiyovsky» (the State Committee of Ukraine on Nationalities and Religions has been its co-founder since 2007). «Gazeta Lwowska» («Lviv Newspaper»), «Mozayika Berdychivska» (Zhytomyr), «Spilna Spadzhchyna» («Common Heritage») (Kremenets), «Kharkivska Poloniya».
Cbernivtsy Television Company broadcasts two TV programmes «Rodyna» («Family») and «Ukraina - ridny kray» («Ukraine - my native land») for Poles in the Ukrainian language.
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Functioning of Ukrainian cultural and public organizations and Mass media.
According to the Polish legislation there are many public organizations of ethnic Ukrainians in Poland: the Union of Ukrainians of Poland, Ukrainian women union, Union of Ukrainian in Pidlaskie, Union of Lemkys. Within the Union of Ukrainians in Poland exist a number of professional unions such as Ukrainian teacher’s union, Ukrainian physicians union etc.
With a financial support of the government of the Republic of Poland a weekly newspaper “Nashe slovo” is edited, once in two months the Lemky’s newspaper “Besida” is edited. The Union of Ukrainians in Pidlaskie edit on the two month basis the newspaper “Nad Bugom I Narvoyu”
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Political, social cultural, rights of Poles in Ukraine.
The Federation of Polish Organizations in Ukraine was founded in 1991. It unites more than 10 thousand people and it has its centres in 20 regions of Ukraine. The head of the Federation Board is a member of the Council of the Representatives of National Minorities' Public Organizations of Ukraine affiliated to the State Committee of Ukraine on Nationalities and Religions. She is also Deputy Head of the Presidium of World Council of Polish Communities. The principal goal of the activities of the Federation is further development of cooperation between Ukraine and Poland. |
Political, social, cultural rights of Ukrainians in Poland.
The Ukrainian minority is represented in local government, mainly of the Warmian-Mazurian region, where the Ukrainian minority representatives are involved in various levels of government, including the head of the provincial parliament.
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Situation with rights of ethnic Poles for education in native language:
In 2008-2009 academic year 5 schools with the Polish language of tuition operate in Ukraine where 1302 pupils study. Besides, there is one Ukrainian-Polish school where 582 pupils study.
For more thorough satisfying cultural-educational needs of Poles optional groups for learning the Polish language work and nearly 2 thousand of students can learn the language there. At the same time there is a gradual transition from optional learning of the Polish language to its introduction into the curriculum as a subject. Thus, Polish as a subject is studied by 1 thousand 667 students.
The activities of 25 Sunday schools affiliated to the Polish national-cultural societies contribute to the learning of the native language.
6 titles of text-books have been published for schools with the Polish as the language of teaching. For 2 recent years schools with the Polish language of tuition have been fully provided with Ukrainian textbooks for pupils of 5-11 classes.
For satisfying the need in teachers and the development of Polish studies in Ukraineexperts are trained in Lviv. Kyiv and Carpathian Universities. The training of teachers of Polish is carried out by the M. Drahomanov Teacher Training University, Zhytomyr and Drohobych Teacher Training colleges. |
Situation with rights of ethnic Ukrainians for education in native language:
In 2007-2008 academic year 5 schools with the Ukrainian language of tuition operated in the Republic of Poland. Ukrainian language is also taught at schools with the Polish language of tuition. Altogether the Ukrainian language is taught in 136 schools for 2 774 pupils.
In the Warsaw University, Krakow University, Lublin University and Poznan University exsit the chairs of the Ukrainian language and culture. There is one Ukrainian-Polish collegium in Lublin.
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Cultural rights
There are Polish amateur artistic groups-affiliated to the national-cultural societies. The Polish folklore ensemble «Yaskulky» is well-known in Ukraine.
Particular attention is paid to the development of schooling, celebration of jubilee dates of Polish famous personalities in the field of culture, participation in different international events. The Federation was founded in 2002 and it holds various cultural-educational events. Days of Polish Culture, seminars, trainings, Polish-Ukrainian Literature meetings.
There are two Centers of Polish Culture in Kyiv and Zhytomyr.
The Society of Poles of Ukraine (the Head is Kostetsky Stanislav Yanovych) was registered in 1998 and now it comprises nearly 13 thousand members.
The main goal of activities of the Society is national revival of Polish culture, strengthening friendship between Poles and representatives of different ethnic groups. The Society contributes to learning Polish, cooperates with government bodies on the issues of opening schools, holding cultural-educational events.
Every year the Society holds the festival of the Polish Song «Veselka Polissya» («Rainbow of Polissya») and international youth Polish Universiades.
The Society organizes the recreation camps for children and provides support to students who study in the Republic of Poland.
In 2007 Lviv municipal authorities took measures for apportionment of an office for the Polish House.
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Cultural rights.
Within the Embassy of Ukraine to the Republic of Poland the Ukrainian cultural and information centre was established in 2006, it is financed by the Ukrainian Government.
There is a lot of Ukrainian amateur folkloric groups within the public associations of Ukrainians in Poland such as “Veselka”, men’s chorus “Zhuravli” etc. Once in two years the festival of Ukrainian culture is held in different Polish cities, once a year festivals “Lemkivska vatra”, “Pidliaska osin”, Ukrainian cultural seasons are held that are partially financed from the national budget of the Republic of Poland.
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Comparative table
of the state of insuring the rights of ethnic Ukrainians in Russia
and ethnic Russians - in Ukraine
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Ukrainians in Russia |
Russians in Ukraine |
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General number
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According to the census in 2002 2, 9 mln. of Ukrainians live in Russia.
According to unofficial information more than 10 mln. of Ukrainians live in Russia.
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According to national census of 2001 8 334 100 Russians live in Ukraine
Russian minority is the most numerous among national minorities living in Ukraine and amounts to 17, 3% of the population.
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Most numerous communities
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Ukrainians live in all regions of the RF. The largest Ukrainian communities are concentrated in such regions as:
Orenburg region ( more than 1 020 000)
Moscow and Moscow region ( more than 400 000),
Tumen region (more than 260 000),
Sankt-Petersburg (almost 200 000),
Krasnodar region (almost 200 000),
Rostov region (almost 200 000),
Prymorsky region (more than 185 000),
Voronezh region (more than 120 000),
Krasnojarsk region (more than 100 000),
Cheliabinsk region (more than 100 000),
Omsk region (more than 100 000),
Saratov region (more than 100 000).
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Representatives of Russian minority live in all regions of the country.
Most numerous Russian communities live in:
- Donetsk region(over1 844 300),
- The Autonomous Republic of Crimea (over 1 180 400 = 58,5 % of the population of the Republic).
- Lugansk region (991 800),
- Dnipropetrovsk region (627 500),
- Zaporizhya region (476 700),
- The city of Kyiv and Kyiv region (over 445 000),
- Sevastopol (over 269 000). |
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Non-governmental organizations and national cultural societies
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Today more than 100 Ukrainian non-governmental organizations function in the RF regions. 59 of them are legal entities, 71 are the members of the Organization of Ukrainians in Russia, 17 – members of the Federal ethnic-cultural autonomy of Ukrainians in Russia, which have all-Russian status.
The most active among them are:
- Regional public organization “Ukrainians of Moscow”,
- “Kobzar” - ethnic-cultural centre of Ukrainians in Bashkortostan,
- “One family” - ethnic-cultural autonomy of Ukrainians in Tumen region
- Ukrainian association “Verbychenka” - Nyzhnekamsk ethnic-cultural autonomy,
- Association of Ukrainian culture “Kalyna” - Karelian republican organization,
- “Ukraine” - Vorkuta public organization,
17 Ukrainian countrymen organizations are actively developed.
Providing informational, cultural and educational rights
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At present 103 national and cultural Russian societies are registered in Ukraine.
4 of them have all-Ukrainian status.
- Society of Russian culture “Rus’”.
-All-Ukrainian national cultural and educational society “Russkoye Sobranie” (Russian Assembly).
- All-Ukrainian NGO”Russian movement of Ukraine”.
- All-Ukrainian organization”Russian community of Ukraine”. |
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State of satisfying informational, educational and cultural needs
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Informational needs |
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Due to the efforts of the leaders of Ukrainian communities of Krasnodar, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Samara, Tumen region and with assistance of local administrations some newspapers are published in Ukrainian. For example “The voice of Ukraine in Western Siberia”.
Due to the efforts of the members of Ukrainian organizations the network of the Ukrainian Internet-resources gradually develops. Among them: “Zeleny klyn”, “The town on the Volga river”, “Kobza”, “Zlagoda” etc.
There is no governmental finance assistance in providing informational needs of the Ukrainian Diaspora in Russia.
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According to the information by the State committee on television and radio broadcasting there are 2 343 printed mass media in Russian language registered in Ukraine for satisfying informational needs of the Russian minority (for comparison: in Ukrainian - 4 351).
In addition 3 598 printed mass media contain materials in two languages: Russian and other languages (for comparison: in Ukrainian and other languages - 3 551). 3834 printed mass media are published in two variants – Russian and other languages (for comparison: in Ukrainian and other languages - 3 900).
Overall about 40% of all printed mass media in the country are published in Russian.
2. From 5 up to 74 % of overall scope of broadcasting (depending on the region) are radio and television programmes in Russian.
In particular, 55% of broadcasting of the Crimean Regional state television and radio company is in Russian, 74% - of Sevastopol state television and radio company.
3. In most of the libraries in Ukraine there are sections of literature in national minorities’ languages, which altogether contain almost 60 million of books in Russian.
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Educational needs |
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According to the data of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation there are 8 secondary schools with Ukrainian cultural component in Russia ( 2 - in Komi Republic, 5 – in Republic of Bashkortostan, 1 in Khanty-Mansiysk region). There is a Ukrainian educational centre in secondary school №124 in Moscow, where Ukrainian is studied part time.
During recent years Ukrainian has began to be studied as foreign language in some institutions of higher and academic education. In particular: Moscow National Institute of International Relations, Moscow National Linguistic University and Moscow linguistic lyceum № 1555 of Moscow National Linguistic University.
The Ukrainian language is also studied in Sunday schools of Ukrainian public organizations. |
In Ukraine there is a network of state institutions of secondary education with Russian as the language of instruction. In 2008/2009 there functioned 1 199 of such schools (number of pupils – 403 719).
Besides, in 1 628 schools (number of pupils – 375 704) tuition is in two languages: Russian and Ukrainian.
All schools are provided with necessary educational and methodical materials.
In 31 institutions of higher education there are training programmes on the Russian language and literature.
In particular, in Shevchenko National University (Kyiv), Uzhhorod National University, Rivne State Humanitarian University, Kirovohrad Teacher Training University, Lesya Ukrayinka State University (Volyn).
In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the schools with two languages of teaching (Russian and Ukrainian) there are 2672 forms with teaching in Russian in which 56490 pupils are taught. In 340 forms with teaching in Russian of the schools with two languages of teaching (Russian and Crimean Tatar) 6305 pupils are taught. Besides, in schools with three languages of teaching (Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar) there are 590 forms with the Russian teaching language in which 12608 pupils are taught. 159568 pupils all in all are taught in Russian, i.e. 89, 6 per cent of all pupils.
At the same time, there are only 7 schools with the Ukrainian language of teaching in the Crimea (105 classes – 2246 pupils), in 167 schools with two languages (Russian and Ukrainian) there are 593 forms with the Ukrainian teaching language in which 8037 pupils are taught, in 178 forms of 38 schools with three languages of teaching (Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar) there are 2344 pupils studying Ukrainian. i.e. 7, 2 per cent of all pupils
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Cultural needs |
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The cultural needs of Ukrainians in Russia are provided by:
- Cultural and Informational Centre in Moscow (financed by local budget and the Ukrainian side),
- Ukrainian cultural centre in Surgut (financed by local budget and the Ukrainian community),
- Centre of Ukrainian culture in Lazarevsky, Sochi (financed by local budget and financial assistance of the Ukrainian community),
- “Ukrainian Yard” Centre, Orenburg (financed by local budget and the Ukrainian community),
Many Ukrainian ethnic-cultural associations have amateur folk groups.
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Cultural needs of Russian minority are satisfied by the state theatres of Russian drama, 90 drama schools, and 3 puppet shows for children.
Besides, 25 drama schools work in two languages – Russian and Ukrainian.
In addition, annual festivals of Russian culture, corresponding conferences, workshops financed from the state budget of Ukraine are held.
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